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@ -1,16 +1,21 @@ |
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This is a RomWBW HBIOS adaptation of BBCBASIC v5.00. The |
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cursor and screen management assumes the use of an ANSI/VT-100 terminal |
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which is generally correct for RomWBW. Support for a hardware system |
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timer is also implemented. If your system does not have a hardware |
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timer, the TIME function will always return 0 and the timeout |
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This is a RomWBW HBIOS adaptation of BBCBASIC v5.00 by R.T.Russell. |
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This implementation was adapted from the source code found at |
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https://github.com/rtrussell/BBCZ80. |
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The cursor and screen management assumes the use of an ANSI/VT-100 |
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terminal which is generally correct for RomWBW. Support for a hardware |
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system timer is also implemented. If your system does not have a |
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hardware timer, the TIME function will always return 0 and the timeout |
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parameter of the INKEY(n) function will not be observed (will never |
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timeout). |
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What follows is some basic information on BBCBASIC from the |
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distribution. Note that it starts with the v3.00 information and |
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later on provides information on the changes in v5.00. |
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later on provides information on the changes in v5.00. Complete |
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documentation for the BBC BASIC (Z80) is found online at |
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https://www.bbcbasic.co.uk/bbcbasic/mancpm/index.html. |
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-- WBW 1:15 PM 5/30/2024 |
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-- WBW 4:21 PM 2/17/2025 |
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@ -23,55 +28,55 @@ later on provides information on the changes in v5.00. |
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1. INTRODUCTION |
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BBC BASIC (Z80) has been designed to be as compatible as possible with |
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Version 4 of the 6502 BBC BASIC resident in the BBC Micro Master series. |
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The language syntax is not always identical to that of the 6502 version, |
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BBC BASIC (Z80) has been designed to be as compatible as possible with |
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Version 4 of the 6502 BBC BASIC resident in the BBC Micro Master series. |
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The language syntax is not always identical to that of the 6502 version, |
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but in most cases the Z80 version is more tolerant. |
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BBC BASIC (Z80) is as machine independent as possible and, as supplied, |
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it will run on any CP/M 2.2 (or later) system using a Z80 processor |
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(checks are carried out to ensure that the processor is a Z80 and that |
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the version of CP/M is at least 2.2). It is minimally configured for an |
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BBC BASIC (Z80) is as machine independent as possible and, as supplied, |
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it will run on any CP/M 2.2 (or later) system using a Z80 processor |
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(checks are carried out to ensure that the processor is a Z80 and that |
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the version of CP/M is at least 2.2). It is minimally configured for an |
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ADM3a-compatible VDU. |
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Few CP/M systems offer colour graphics of the quality provided as |
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standard on the BBC Microcomputer, and no software can provide colour |
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high-resolution graphics from a monochrome character-orientated computer. |
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However, many CP/M system users are interested in the advanced program |
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structures available from BBC BASIC and, within the limitations of the |
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host computer, BBC BASIC (Z80) provides the programming structures and |
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Few CP/M systems offer colour graphics of the quality provided as |
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standard on the BBC Microcomputer, and no software can provide colour |
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high-resolution graphics from a monochrome character-orientated computer. |
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However, many CP/M system users are interested in the advanced program |
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structures available from BBC BASIC and, within the limitations of the |
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host computer, BBC BASIC (Z80) provides the programming structures and |
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the non-graphic commands and functions specified for BBC BASIC. |
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In order to make full use of the facilities available in BBC BASIC (Z80) |
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it is necessary to install a small patch to adapt it to the capabilities |
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of the host computer. The source code of the patch present in the |
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In order to make full use of the facilities available in BBC BASIC (Z80) |
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it is necessary to install a small patch to adapt it to the capabilities |
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of the host computer. The source code of the patch present in the |
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distribution version is supplied as BBCDIST.MAC. |
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This documentation should be read in conjunction with a standard BBC |
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BASIC manual. Only those features which differ from the standard Acorn |
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This documentation should be read in conjunction with a standard BBC |
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BASIC manual. Only those features which differ from the standard Acorn |
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versions are documented here. |
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2. MEMORY UTILISATION |
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BBC BASIC (Z80) requires about 16 Kbytes of code space, resulting in a |
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value of PAGE of about &3E00. The remainder of the user memory is |
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available for BASIC programs, variables (heap) and stack. Depending on |
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BBC BASIC (Z80) requires about 16 Kbytes of code space, resulting in a |
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value of PAGE of about &3E00. The remainder of the user memory is |
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available for BASIC programs, variables (heap) and stack. Depending on |
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the system configuration, HIMEM can have a value up to &FE00. |
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3. COMMANDS, STATEMENTS AND FUNCTIONS |
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The syntax of BASIC commands, statements and functions is in most cases |
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identical to that of the BBC Micro version (BASIC 4). The few |
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The syntax of BASIC commands, statements and functions is in most cases |
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identical to that of the BBC Micro version (BASIC 4). The few |
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differences are documented here: |
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ADVAL |
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This function is not implemented. |
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CALL |
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CALL sets up a table in RAM containing details of the parameters; the |
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processor's IX register is set to the address of this parameter table. |
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CALL sets up a table in RAM containing details of the parameters; the |
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processor's IX register is set to the address of this parameter table. |
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The other processor registers are initialised as follows: |
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A is initialised to the least significant byte of A% |
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@ -92,7 +97,7 @@ later on provides information on the changes in v5.00. |
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128 Fixed string $A% |
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129 Movable string A$ |
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On entry to the subroutine the parameter table contains the following |
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On entry to the subroutine the parameter table contains the following |
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values: |
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Number of parameters 1 byte (at IX) |
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@ -103,29 +108,29 @@ later on provides information on the changes in v5.00. |
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Parameter type ) repeated as often as necessary |
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Parameter address ) |
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Except in the case of a movable string (normal string variable), the |
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parameter address given is the absolute address at which the item is |
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stored. In the case of movable strings (type 129) it is the address of a |
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4-byte parameter block containing the current length, the maximum length |
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Except in the case of a movable string (normal string variable), the |
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parameter address given is the absolute address at which the item is |
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stored. In the case of movable strings (type 129) it is the address of a |
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4-byte parameter block containing the current length, the maximum length |
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and the start address of the string (LSB first) in that order. |
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Integer variables are stored in twos complement form with their least |
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Integer variables are stored in twos complement form with their least |
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significant byte first. |
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Fixed strings are stored as the characters of the string followed by a |
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Fixed strings are stored as the characters of the string followed by a |
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carriage return (&0D). |
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Floating point variables are stored in binary floating point format with |
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their least significant byte first; the fifth byte is the exponent. The |
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mantissa is stored as a binary fraction in sign and magnitude format. |
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Bit 7 of the most significant byte is the sign bit and, for the purposes |
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of calculating the magnitude of the number, this bit is assumed to be set |
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to one. The exponent is stored as an integer in excess 127 format (to |
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Floating point variables are stored in binary floating point format with |
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their least significant byte first; the fifth byte is the exponent. The |
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mantissa is stored as a binary fraction in sign and magnitude format. |
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Bit 7 of the most significant byte is the sign bit and, for the purposes |
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of calculating the magnitude of the number, this bit is assumed to be set |
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to one. The exponent is stored as an integer in excess 127 format (to |
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find the exponent subtract 127 from the value in the fifth byte). |
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If the exponent byte of a floating point number is zero, the number is an |
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integer stored in integer format in the mantissa bytes. Thus an integer |
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can be represented in two different ways in a real variable. For example |
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If the exponent byte of a floating point number is zero, the number is an |
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integer stored in integer format in the mantissa bytes. Thus an integer |
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can be represented in two different ways in a real variable. For example |
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the value +5 can be stored as: |
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05 00 00 00 00 Integer 5 |
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@ -138,15 +143,15 @@ later on provides information on the changes in v5.00. |
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This statement is not implemented. |
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EDIT |
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A command to edit or concatenate and edit the specified program line(s). |
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The specified lines (including their line numbers) are listed as a single |
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line. By changing only the line number you can use EDIT to duplicate a |
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A command to edit or concatenate and edit the specified program line(s). |
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The specified lines (including their line numbers) are listed as a single |
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line. By changing only the line number you can use EDIT to duplicate a |
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line. |
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EDIT 230 |
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EDIT 200,230 |
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The following control functions are active both in the EDIT mode and in |
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The following control functions are active both in the EDIT mode and in |
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the immediate entry mode (i.e. at the BASIC prompt): |
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Move the cursor one character position to the left |
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@ -159,8 +164,8 @@ later on provides information on the changes in v5.00. |
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Delete all characters to the left of the cursor |
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Delete all characters from the cursor to the end of the line |
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The choice of which keys activate these functions is made when BBC BASIC |
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is configured for a particular system. The distribution version uses ^H, |
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The choice of which keys activate these functions is made when BBC BASIC |
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is configured for a particular system. The distribution version uses ^H, |
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^I, ^K, ^J, ^A, ^E, DEL (&7F), ^L and ^X. |
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To exit EDIT mode and replace the edited line, type RETURN (ENTER). |
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@ -171,28 +176,28 @@ later on provides information on the changes in v5.00. |
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This statement is not implemented. |
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GET |
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This function waits for a character to be typed at the keyboard, and |
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This function waits for a character to be typed at the keyboard, and |
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returns the ASCII code. |
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GET can also be used to read data from a processor I/O port; full 16-bit |
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GET can also be used to read data from a processor I/O port; full 16-bit |
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port addressing is available: |
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N% = GET(X%) : REM input from port X% |
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INKEY |
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This function waits for a specified maximum number of centiseconds for a |
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character to be typed at the keyboard. If no character is typed in that |
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time, the value -1 is returned. In the distribution version the delay is |
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determined by a simple software timing loop, and may be very inaccurate. |
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The customisation patch allows this to be adjusted to suit the system in |
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This function waits for a specified maximum number of centiseconds for a |
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character to be typed at the keyboard. If no character is typed in that |
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time, the value -1 is returned. In the distribution version the delay is |
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determined by a simple software timing loop, and may be very inaccurate. |
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The customisation patch allows this to be adjusted to suit the system in |
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use. |
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INPUT# |
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The format of data files is different from that used by the BBC Micro, in |
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part to improve compatibility with standard CP/M files. Numeric values |
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are stored as five bytes in the format documented under CALL; if the |
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fifth byte is zero the value is an integer. Strings are stored as the |
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characters of the string (in the correct order!) followed by a carriage |
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The format of data files is different from that used by the BBC Micro, in |
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part to improve compatibility with standard CP/M files. Numeric values |
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are stored as five bytes in the format documented under CALL; if the |
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fifth byte is zero the value is an integer. Strings are stored as the |
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characters of the string (in the correct order!) followed by a carriage |
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return (&0D). |
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MODE |
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@ -208,15 +213,15 @@ later on provides information on the changes in v5.00. |
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This function is not implemented. |
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PRINT# |
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The format of data files is different from that used by the BBC Micro, in |
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part to improve compatibility with standard CP/M files. Numeric values |
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are stored as five bytes in the format documented under CALL; if the |
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fifth byte is zero the value is an integer. Strings are stored as the |
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characters of the string (in the correct order!) followed by a carriage |
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The format of data files is different from that used by the BBC Micro, in |
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part to improve compatibility with standard CP/M files. Numeric values |
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are stored as five bytes in the format documented under CALL; if the |
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fifth byte is zero the value is an integer. Strings are stored as the |
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characters of the string (in the correct order!) followed by a carriage |
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return (&0D). |
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PUT |
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A statement to output data to a processor port. Full 16-bit addressing |
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A statement to output data to a processor port. Full 16-bit addressing |
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is available. |
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PUT A%,N% : REM Output N% to port A% |
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@ -225,7 +230,7 @@ later on provides information on the changes in v5.00. |
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This statement is not implemented. |
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TIME |
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This pseudo-variable is not implemented in the distribution version, but |
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This pseudo-variable is not implemented in the distribution version, but |
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can be supported by means of the customisation patch. See BBCDIST.MAC. |
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USR |
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@ -240,34 +245,34 @@ later on provides information on the changes in v5.00. |
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H is initialised to the least significant byte of H% |
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L is initialised to the least significant byte of L% |
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USR returns a 32-bit integer result composed of the processor's H, L, H' |
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USR returns a 32-bit integer result composed of the processor's H, L, H' |
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and L' registers, with H being the most significant. |
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4. RESIDENT Z80 ASSEMBLER |
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The in-line assembler is accessed in exactly the same way as the 6502 |
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assembler in the BBC Micro version of BBC BASIC. That is, '[' enters |
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The in-line assembler is accessed in exactly the same way as the 6502 |
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assembler in the BBC Micro version of BBC BASIC. That is, '[' enters |
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assembler mode and ']' exits assembler mode. |
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All standard Zilog mnemonics are accepted: ADD, ADC and SBC must be |
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followed by A or HL. For example, ADD A,C is accepted but ADD C is not. |
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However, the brackets around the port number in IN and OUT are optional. |
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Thus both OUT (5),A and OUT 5,A are accepted. The instruction IN F,(C) |
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All standard Zilog mnemonics are accepted: ADD, ADC and SBC must be |
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followed by A or HL. For example, ADD A,C is accepted but ADD C is not. |
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However, the brackets around the port number in IN and OUT are optional. |
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Thus both OUT (5),A and OUT 5,A are accepted. The instruction IN F,(C) |
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is not accepted, but the equivalent code is produced from IN (HL),C |
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The pseudo-ops DEFB, DEFW and DEFM are included. DEFM works like EQUS in |
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The pseudo-ops DEFB, DEFW and DEFM are included. DEFM works like EQUS in |
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the 6502 version. |
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5. OPERATING SYSTEM INTERFACE |
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The following resident Operating System ("star") commands are |
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implemented. They may be accessed directly (e.g. *BYE) or via the OSCLI |
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The following resident Operating System ("star") commands are |
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implemented. They may be accessed directly (e.g. *BYE) or via the OSCLI |
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statement (OSCLI "BYE"). |
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Control characters, lower-case characters, DEL and quotation marks may be |
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incorporated in filenames by using the 'escape' character '|'. However, |
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Control characters, lower-case characters, DEL and quotation marks may be |
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incorporated in filenames by using the 'escape' character '|'. However, |
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there is no equivalent to the BBC Microcomputer's '|!' to set bit 7. |
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*BYE |
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@ -278,7 +283,7 @@ later on provides information on the changes in v5.00. |
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*. [filespec] |
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*DIR [filespec] |
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List the files which match the (optional) ambiguous filespec. If the |
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List the files which match the (optional) ambiguous filespec. If the |
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filespec is omitted, all .BBC files are listed: |
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*DIR List all .BBC files on the disk |
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*DIR B:*.* List all files on disk B: |
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@ -288,53 +293,53 @@ later on provides information on the changes in v5.00. |
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Select drive d as the default drive for subsequent disk operations. |
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*ERA filespec |
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Erase (delete) the specified disk file or files. The extension defaults |
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Erase (delete) the specified disk file or files. The extension defaults |
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to .BBC if omitted. |
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*ESC [ON|OFF] |
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*ESC OFF disables the abort action of the ESCape key; after *ESC OFF the |
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ESCape key simply returns the ASCII code ESC (27). *ESC ON, or *ESC, |
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*ESC OFF disables the abort action of the ESCape key; after *ESC OFF the |
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ESCape key simply returns the ASCII code ESC (27). *ESC ON, or *ESC, |
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restores the normal action of the ESCape key. |
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*EXEC filespec |
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Accept console input from the specified file instead of from the |
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Accept console input from the specified file instead of from the |
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keyboard. If the extension is omitted, .BBC is assumed. |
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*LOAD filespec aaaa |
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Loads the specified file into memory at address aaaa. The load address |
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Loads the specified file into memory at address aaaa. The load address |
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must be specified. If the extension is omitted, .BBC is assumed. |
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*OPT [n] |
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Select the destination for console output characters. The value n is in |
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Select the destination for console output characters. The value n is in |
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the range 0 to 2, as follows: |
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0 Send characters to the console output |
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1 Send characters to the auxiliary output |
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2 Send characters to the printer (list) output |
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*REN newfile=oldfile |
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*RENAME newfile=oldfile |
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Renames 'oldfile' as 'newfile'. If the extension is omitted, .BBC is |
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Renames 'oldfile' as 'newfile'. If the extension is omitted, .BBC is |
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assumed. |
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*RESET |
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Rest the disk system (CP/M function 13). This command does not close any |
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files nor does it perform any other housekeeping function. You should |
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Rest the disk system (CP/M function 13). This command does not close any |
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files nor does it perform any other housekeeping function. You should |
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use *RESET after you have changed a disk. |
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*SAVE filespec aaaa bbbb |
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*SAVE filespec aaaa +llll |
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This command saves a specified range of memory to disk. The address range |
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is specified either as start (aaaa) and end+1 (bbbb) or as start (aaaa) |
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This command saves a specified range of memory to disk. The address range |
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is specified either as start (aaaa) and end+1 (bbbb) or as start (aaaa) |
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and length (llll). If the extension is omitted, .BBC is assumed. |
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*SPOOL [filespec] |
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Copy all subsequent console output to the specified file. If the filename |
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is omitted, any current spool file is closed and spooling is terminated. |
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Copy all subsequent console output to the specified file. If the filename |
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is omitted, any current spool file is closed and spooling is terminated. |
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If the extension is omitted, .BBC is assumed. |
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*TYPE filespec |
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Type the specified file to the screen. If the extension is omitted, .BBC |
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Type the specified file to the screen. If the extension is omitted, .BBC |
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is assumed. |
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*| comment |
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@ -352,7 +357,7 @@ later on provides information on the changes in v5.00. |
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Trappable - BASIC: |
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1 Out of range 24 Exp range |
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2 25 |
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2 25 |
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3 26 No such variable |
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4 Mistake 27 Missing ) |
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5 Missing , 28 Bad HEX |
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@ -383,9 +388,9 @@ later on provides information on the changes in v5.00. |
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198 Disk full 254 Bad command |
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200 Close error 255 CP/M error |
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204 Bad name |
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New features in BBC BASIC (Z80) version 5.00, May 2024: |
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New features in BBC BASIC (Z80) version 5.00, January 2025: |
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1. BASIC V statements |
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@ -394,7 +399,7 @@ New features in BBC BASIC (Z80) version 5.00, May 2024: |
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1.3 CASE...WHEN...OTHERWISE...ENDCASE |
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1.4 LOCAL DATA / RESTORE DATA |
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1.5 ON ERROR LOCAL / RESTORE ERROR |
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1.6 DIM var LOCAL size |
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1.6 DIM var LOCAL size |
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1.7 ERROR err, message$ |
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1.8 RESTORE +n |
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1.9 SWAP var1,var2 |
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@ -408,10 +413,10 @@ New features in BBC BASIC (Z80) version 5.00, May 2024: |
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2.3 REPORT$ |
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2.4 Binary constants |
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2.5 LEFT$ & RIGHT$ with last parameter omitted |
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2.6 MOD(array) |
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2.7 SUM(array) |
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2.8 SUMLEN(array) |
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2.9 GET$#file |
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2.6 MOD(array()) |
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2.7 SUM(array()) |
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2.8 SUMLEN(array()) |
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2.9 GET$#file |
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3. BASIC V whole array operations |
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@ -423,9 +428,12 @@ New features in BBC BASIC (Z80) version 5.00, May 2024: |
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3.6 Array initialisation lists |
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3.7 Array compound assignment (+= etc.) |
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3.8 Make a whole array LOCAL |
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3.9 DIM a LOCAL array (on the stack) + |
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3.9 DIM a LOCAL array (on the stack) + |
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* String array expressions are not currently supported, instead of using |
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a$() = b$() + c$() use a$() = b$() : a$() += c$() |
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The use of EVAL with whole-array expressions is not currently supported. |
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* String array expressions A$() = B$() + C$() are not currently supported. |
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+ LOCAL string arrays should be initialised to their maximum needed length |
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to eliminate the risk of a memory leak each time the PROC/FN is called: |
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LOCAL a$() : DIM a$(size%) : a$() = STRING$(max%, "a") : a$() = "" |
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@ -434,22 +442,27 @@ New features in BBC BASIC (Z80) version 5.00, May 2024: |
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4.1 Bit-shifts <<, >>, >>> |
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4.2 Floating-point indirection (|) |
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4.3 RETURNed parameters from FN/PROC |
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4.4 Compound assignment (+=, -=, *=, /= etc.) |
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4.5 Assigning to a sub-string: LEFT$()=, MID$()= , RIGHT$()= |
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4.6 Hooks for CIRCLE,ELLIPSE,FILL,LINE,MOUSE,ORIGIN,RECTANGLE,TINT,SYS,WAIT |
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4.7 Hooks for WIDTH function, TINT function, MODE function |
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4.3 Additional VDU delimiter '|' |
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4.4 RETURNed parameters from FN/PROC |
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4.5 Compound assignment (+=, -=, *=, /= etc.) |
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4.6 Assigning to a sub-string: LEFT$()=, MID$()= , RIGHT$()= |
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4.7 Hooks for CIRCLE, ELLIPSE, FILL, LINE, ORIGIN, RECTANGLE (graphics) |
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4.8 Hooks for MOUSE, OFF, ON, SYS, TINT, WAIT (statements) |
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4.9 Hooks for MODE function, TINT function, WIDTH function |
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5. Extensions to Acorn's BASIC V, compatible with BB4W, BBCSDL and BBCTTY |
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5.1 EXIT REPEAT / WHILE / FOR [var] |
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5.2 Address-of operator ^ |
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5.3 Byte variables and arrays (& suffix) |
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5.2 Address-of operator (^) |
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5.3 Byte (unsigned 8-bit) variables and arrays (& suffix) |
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5.4 'BY len' and 'TO term' qualifiers to GET$#file |
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5.5 ELSE IF <condition> THEN; (trailing semicolon) |
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5.6 == synonymous with = in comparisons |
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5.7 DIM a global array inside a FN/PROC (use RETURN) |
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5.8 DIM var LOCAL -1 returns the stack pointer, even outside a FN/PROC |
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5.9 RESTORE LOCAL restores local variables without exiting the FN/PROC |
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Note: The token for PUT has changed from &CE in version 3 to &0E in version 5. |
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If this token is present in existing programs it will list as ENDWHILE rather |
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than PUT, and the programs will need to be modified to restore functionality. |
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than PUT, and the programs will need to be modified to restore functionality. |
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Wayne Warthen
11 months ago