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1043 lines
47 KiB
1043 lines
47 KiB
ZDE 1.0 Manual
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ZDE
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Z-System Display Editor
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Version 1.0 10 Mar 89
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ZDE and its documentation are copyright 1989 by Carson Wilson,
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all rights reserved. They may not be circulated in any
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incomplete or modified form without written permission of the
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author. Any commercial use of ZDE, defined as any situation
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where the duplicator receives revenue by duplicating or
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distributing ZDE by itself or in conjunction with any hardware
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or software product, is expressly prohibited unless authorized
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in writing by Carson Wilson.
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1. Introduction.
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ZDE, the Z-System Display Editor, is a small, fast, powerful
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text editor based Eric Meyer's famous Video Display Editor (VDE).
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ZDE retains all features of VDE, but removes defects and supports
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special ZCPR and ZSDOS features such as named directories,
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register variables, automatic disk relog, and file datestamp
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support. The install program has also been improved (see
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ZDE10.NEW for a complete rundown of improvements). At the same
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time, I have tried to be conscientious about the balance between
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features and memory usage. If I added every new feature or
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convenience that came to mind, we would soon have a luxurious
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in-memory editor for 2 kilobyte files! Much of the following is
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adapted with permission from Eric Meyer's VDE.DOC.
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ZDE's native ASCII mode and definable macros make it an ideal
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programmer's editor; its full formatting and printing features
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also make it an efficient word processor. Written entirely in Z80
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assembler, ZDE is F-A-S-T. There are no disk overlays, and all
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editing is done in memory. As a result, finding a string near the
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end of a 50K file takes WordStar 3.3 about 14 seconds (8MHz Z80);
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ZDE does it in under a second. This is like moving through air
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instead of molasses: you will find that you can do more of your
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work on screen, and less on paper.
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Among ZDE's features are:
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Full-screen editing User area and named directory support
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Block operations Wordwrap and reformat
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File datestamp support Macro programs
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Disk file operations Margins, tabs, spacing
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Find and replace WordStar compatibility
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Many print features Undeletion
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Configurable options Support for all CP/M terminals
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2. Installing ZDE.
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ZDE works with Z80 CP/M 2.2 and 3.0 and compatible systems.
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It is ideal for portable computers with limited disk space. There
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are many user configurable options, and ZDE can be installed for
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all CP/M terminals. If you are running ZCPR, ZSDOS or Z3PLUS, ZDE
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offers features not available with less advanced system software,
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but these system enhancements are not required.
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To install ZDE, use the ZDENSTAL configuration program; see
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the accompanying file ZDENSTAL.DOC. You should install ZDE for
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your computer's terminal at the earliest convenience, since this
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greatly enhances performance. There are many other installable
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options; you will discover how you want everything set in the
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course of using ZDE, so don't worry about going through all of it
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at first. For ease of reference, portions of this manual
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referring to installable options and settings are enclosed in
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square brackets ("[" and "]").
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3. Invoking ZDE.
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ZDE is invoked from your system's command prompt using the
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following syntax ("ufn" means "unambiguous file name"):
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ZDE Begin working on a new file.
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ZDE ufn Edit a new or already existing file.
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ZDE dir:ufn Edit a new or existing file from another
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directory.
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ZDE ufn m Edit a file using mode "m."
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ZDE ufn[m
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"m" above can be either W, A, or N (see File Modes, below), and
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"dir" can be either a drive, a user area, a drive followed by a
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user area, or a ZCPR named directory. For example:
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ZDE A4:MYFILE.TXT N Begin working on MYFILE.TXT at user
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area 4, drive A, in non-document
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mode.
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The size of the file to be edited is limited by available
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memory. This will vary for different systems, but normally the
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maximum size will be between 45 and 55k. If a file is too large
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to edit, you must break it up and edit the pieces separately.
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Numerous CP/M utilities are available which will break up and
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rejoin ASCII files.
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4. ZDE's Command Set.
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ZDE's commands consist of simple one- or two-key
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combinations, easily found by the touch typist without
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distraction. Most commands are the same as WordStar's. If you
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have questions that this file can't answer, a WordStar manual may
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be a useful reference. But ZDE is not a WordStar "clone"; there
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are significant differences, including an extended set of
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ESC-commands for functions such as macros (see below).
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Virtually complete compatibility with the WordStar command
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(sub)set can be achieved UNLESS the keys ^J, ^K, and ^L are used
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as arrow keys (as on many CP/M computers). In this event ZDE
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synonyms must be used: ESC- for the ^K- prefix; ESC-H for ^J; and
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^\ for ^L (see ZDENSTAL.DOC for terminal installation).
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4.1. Command Summary.
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Below, the "^" character indicates use of the Ctrl key: ^K =
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Ctrl+K. The ESC (^K), ^O, and ^Q prefixes require pressing two
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keys in sequence: ^O C, for instance means press ^O, then C (or
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^C). Any prefix may be canceled by typing ESC or Space.
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4.1.1. Control Keys: Single Keystroke Commands.
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^J (ESC H) = display Help menus.
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CR = Carriage return (^M). Marks a paragraph end.
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BS = Backspace (^H).
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TAB = Hard Tab mode: insert tab (^I). Variable Tab mode: move
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to next stop.
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Arrow keys: WordStar: ^E up, ^X down, ^S left, ^D right.
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Alternate: configurable, default ^K, ^J, ^H, ^L.
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^F = move to start of next word right.
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^A = move to start of next word left.
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^R = scroll back one screen.
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^C = scroll forward one screen.
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^W = scroll back one line.
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^Z = scroll forward one line.
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^G = delete character to the right of the cursor.
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DEL = delete character to the left (configurable).
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^U = undelete a character.
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^T = delete word to right of cursor.
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^Y = delete current line.
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^N = insert a carriage return (break line) at present
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position.
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^V = toggle INSERT mode on and off.
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^^ = toggle case (upper/lower) of character at cursor.
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^P = insert following control code in text.
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^B = reformat current paragraph.
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^L (^\) = repeat find/replace (repeats last ^QF or ^QA
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command).
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4.1.2. File and Block Commands: first hit ^K (or ESC), then the
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key shown.
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^K I = display file/memory Information message.
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^K F = List files in disk directory.
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^K E = Erase a disk file.
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^K L = Load a brand new file to begin editing.
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^K N = change the current file Name (affects Save, eXit).
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^K S = Save the current file to disk, and continue editing.
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^K D = Done. Save the file, then load a new one.
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^K X = eXit: Save the file, then Quit to CP/M.
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^K Q = Quit to CP/M, abandoning current file.
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^K R = Read a disk file into text at cursor position.
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^K P = Print the text (whole file or block).
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^K B = mark the start of a Block.
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^K K = mark the end of a block.
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^K U = Unmark the block.
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^K Y = Delete the marked block.
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^K C = Copy the block text at present cursor position.
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^K V = moVe the block text to the present cursor position.
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^K W = Write the marked block to a disk file.
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4.1.3. Escape and Macro Commands: first hit ESC, then the key
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shown.
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ESC arrows: Left/Right (including ^S/D) = shift screen
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horizontally
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by 32 columns.
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Up/Down (including ^E/X) = shift screen
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vertically
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by 1/4 screen.
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ESC TAB = move back to last tab stop.
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ESC M = execute a Macro string of commands.
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ESC # = store macro on numeric key for later recall.
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ESC 0..9 = use stored key. (In macro mode: jump label.)
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ESC !,=,~,+ = used in Macro programming (see below).
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ESC ; = brief pause, during Macro execution only.
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4.1.4. Quick Commands: first hit ^Q, then the key shown.
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^Q Arrows: Left/Right (including ^S/D) = go to start or end
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of line.
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Up/Down (including ^E/X) = go to top or bottom
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of screen.
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^Q R = move to top of file.
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^Q C = move to end of file.
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^Q I = move to specified page or line number.
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^Q B = move to marked block.
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^Q Q = move to next line in queue (ZCPR only).
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^Q Z = move to next place marker.
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^Q F = find next occurrence of a string.
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^Q A = find and replace a string.
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^Q Y = delete from cursor to end of current line.
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^Q DEL = delete from cursor to beginning of current line.
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^Q T = delete until specified character (caution--powerful!).
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^Q U = undelete a line.
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4.1.5. Onscreen Commands: first hit ^O, then the key shown.
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^O Arrow: Up (including ^E) = make current line top of
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screen.
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^O R = set right margin (column 1 turns off
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wordwrap/formatting).
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^O L = set left margin.
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^O X = toggle Margin Release on/off.
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^O C = center current line.
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^O F = align current line flush with the right margin.
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^O Q = toggle header on/off.
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^O T = toggle ruler line on/off.
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^O D = toggle display of hard CRs on/off.
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^O A = toggle Auto Indent on/off.
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^O S = toggle Double Spacing on/off.
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^O H = toggle hyphenation on/off.
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^O V = toggle tab mode Hard/Variable.
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^O I = set variable tab stop.
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^O N = clear variable tab stop.
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^O P = set page length (0 turns off pagination).
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^O W = toggle windowing on/off (see below).
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^O Z = temporarily blank the entire screen.
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5. Command Descriptions.
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5.1. Auto-Indent Mode (^O-A).
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Auto-Indent is useful for typing outlines, structured program
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source code, and other text where the "left margin" varies.
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Auto-Indent causes the RETURN key to act differently: If you are
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entering new text, it will be indented to match the previous line.
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If you are just moving through the file, the cursor advances past
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any existing indentation.
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5.2. Block Commands (^K-B, -K, -U, -R, -Y, -W, -C, -V, -P-B,
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^Q-B).
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A "block" of text is normally delimited by two markers
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[default: ^@] which remain in memory until reset or deleted.
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^K-B marks the beginning of the block; ^K-K marks its end.
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Markers are inserted in the text. The two markers are identical;
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the first one present is the start.
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^K-U unmarks the block, removing any marker(s) set (block
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markers can also be deleted individually as ordinary characters).
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Markers are automatically removed as appropriate when ^K-B/-K are
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used again.
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^K-R reads in the contents of a disk file, inserting it as a
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block after the current cursor position. You will be asked for
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the name (and, optionally, mode) of the file. Other block
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operation commands all require a Block to be marked:
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^K-Y deletes the block (including markers).
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^K-W writes the block text to a disk file; you will be asked
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for the filename (and optional mode).
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^K-V moves the Block text to the present cursor location,
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deleting the original; ^K-C copies it and leaves the original.
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Sometimes ZDE will run out of memory when moving blocks within a
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large file. If this occurs, just write the block to a file,
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delete it, and read it back in as: "^K-W, ^K-Y, ^K-R".
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^K-P-B (^K-P with B option) prints the block text only.
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The ^Q-B command, from wherever you are in the file, moves
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the cursor to the Block start.
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5.3. Cursor Movement (Arrow keys; ^F; ^A; ^Q-R, -C, -I).
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ZDE supports three sets of Arrow keys, which function
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interchangeably. The two built-in sets support the WordStar
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"arrow key diamond" ^E, ^X, ^D, ^S, and the ANSI standard 3-byte
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sequences (ESC-[-A, etc.). The third set is user-configurable,
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and must be installed with ZDENSTAL. These keys move the cursor
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up, down, right, and left respectively. Note: if you install ^J,
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^K, and ^L as arrow keys, you must use ESC- commands for help,
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file operations, and repeat find/replace, respectively.
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Preceded by ^Q-, any arrow key (except ANSI) moves more
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quickly: to the top or bottom of the screen, to the left or right
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end of the line.
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There are also two word movement commands: ^F moves right, to
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the start of the next word; ^A moves left, to the start of the
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previous (or current) word. Both have maximum ranges of 255
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characters.
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For quickly covering large distances, the commands ^Q-R and
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^Q-C go all the way to the beginning and end of the file,
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respectively, and ^Q-I goes to any specified page (or line, in
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non-documents).
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5.4. Deleting (^G, DEL, ^T, ^Y, ^Q-Y, -DEL, -T).
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You can delete text one CHARACTER at a time: ^G deletes to
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the right of the cursor, and DEL to the left. [If you have no DEL
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key, you can install another equivalent.] Note that the ordinary
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BS (^H) does not normally delete.
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^T deletes an entire WORD to the right (up to 255 characters)
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^Y deletes the entire current LINE. ^Q-Y deletes only the
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part of the line to the right of the cursor; ^Q-DEL deletes the
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part to the left.
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^Q-T deletes UP TO a specified character. Example: "^Q-T."
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deletes to the end of the sentence. Special case: "^Q-T-CR"
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deletes to the next HARD CR, the end of the paragraph. This is a
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powerful command, so use it with caution.
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Accidentally deleted text can usually be recovered (see
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Undelete, below).
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5.5. Disk Operations (^K-F, -E).
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^K-F gives an unsorted list of disk FILES: hit CR to list the
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directory specified by the current file, or specify a drive, user,
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or named directory (colon optional). If there is not enough room
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to fit all the files on the screen, you will see "..." at the end
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to indicate that there were still more. Press ESC or Space to
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continue.
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^K-E will ERASE a single disk file to provide more room on
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the disk (no wildcards allowed).
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5.6. File Commands (^K-N, -S, -X, -Q, -D, -L).
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^K-N NAMES your work or changes the current file mode. You
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can change the filename in the header before saving, and/or change
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its mode to WordStar, ASCII, or Nondocument. To set the file
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mode, introduce the mode character with the left square bracket,
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e.g., "Name: MYFILE.WS [W".
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^K-S SAVES your work: what's in memory is written to disk
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under the file name in the header (you must have a file name; one
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will be requested if necessary). If that file already existed, a
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backup (.BAK) file may be preserved [configurable; see
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installation guide]. If you haven't changed the file, ZDE prompts
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you to confirm that you want to resave it anyway.
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There are several different commands for finishing up:
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^K-X saves your work and then EXITS to CP/M.
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^K-Q just QUITS. If the file has been modified, ZDE asks if
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you want to abandon the changes.
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^K-D (DONE) saves your work, then loads a new file to edit.
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^K-L quits the current file and LOADS a new one to begin
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editing.
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5.7. Find, Replace (^Q-F, -A, ^L, ^\).
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^Q-F is the command to FIND a string. The search normally
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proceeds from the cursor position forward, and is case
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(upper/lower) insensitive. There are two options: "B" = search
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backwards; "C" = case sensitive search. If used, the options
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must be enclosed in slashes (eg, "/bc/") before the search string.
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(If you want to search for a string beginning with a slash, use an
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empty (//) option first.) In addition, a ^P-Z [this can be
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reconfigured] functions as a wildcard matching any single
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character. Other control codes, like ^M for newline, can be
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included (with the ^P prefix where needed). Examples:
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Find: /c/^MLABEL matches "LABEL" at start of line only;
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Find: 4^Z^Z01 matches "42201", "47401", etc;
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Find: wordstar matches "WORDSTAR", "WordStar" etc;
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Find: ///88 matches "/88";
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Find: /b/esc looks backwards for "Esc", "esc", etc.
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^Q-A is the FIND/REPLACE command. It asks for a string to
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find, and what to change it to (all options above apply to the
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search string only). The cursor will be placed on each occurrence
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of the string successively, starting at the cursor location. You
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will see the prompt "Chg?" in the header. To replace the old
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string with the new one, press "Y"; anything else skips to the
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next. To change all further occurrences without being asked,
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press "*". ESC cancels at any time. (Note: if ^Q-A is used in a
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Macro, it will automatically assume "*" with no further input
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required.)
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^L (or ^\, if ^L is an arrow key) repeats the last ^Q-F or
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^Q-A command. For ^Q-A, you will be asked whether you want to
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replace the found string. For both, direction and case options
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remain unchanged.
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5.8. Header (^O-Q).
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ZDE normally gives you a header, or status line, at the top
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of the screen. However, if you like you can toggle the header
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display on and off with the ^O-Q (QUIET) command. [The header may
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also be suppressed by default.] This lets you see more file text.
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It can also speed up operation on some slower terminals, as the
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position doesn't have to be continually updated.
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A typical header line looks something like:
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------------------------------------------------------------------
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B0/WORK:ZDE.DOC [A Pg 8 Ln 31 Cl 53 INS vt hy AI DS MR ^Q_
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------------------------------------------------------------------
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"B0/WORK:ZDE.DOC [A" = Current directory, filename, and mode.
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"Pg 8, etc" = Current position in file by page, line, column.
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For "N"ondocuments, there is no page number display. If
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pagination (^O-P) is off, you will see "Pg 0" (document) or "OP"
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(nondocument) here.
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"INS" = Insert mode on (^V).
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"vt" = Variable tabs on (^O-V).
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"hy" = Hyphenation enabled. (^O-H) Doesn't display in "N"
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mode.
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"AI" = Auto indent mode on (^O-A).
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"DS" = Double spacing (^O-S).
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"MR" = Margins released (^O-X). Doesn't display in "N" mode.
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"^Q_": Prefix keys (and some prompts) display here.
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5.9. Information (^K-I).
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^KI displays an Information message with:
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- the ZDE version and date;
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- whether (Y/N) the file has been changed since last saved;
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- the current size of the file in bytes;
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- the number of bytes of text memory used and free (1024
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bytes = 1K).
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You will note that the file uses about 20-25% less memory
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than its actual length; this is due to ZDE's compression of text.
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(Note: ZDE is limited to 16-bit arithmetic. In the unlikely event
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that file size should exceed 64K it will be shown mod 64K; just
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add 65536.)
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Block moves and copying are limited by the amount of free
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memory. Further, when there is less than 1K free, response time
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can get very slow.
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5.10. Insert Mode (^V).
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|
^V toggles insertion on and off. If insert is OFF, any text
|
|
to the right of the cursor is overwritten as you type. If insert
|
|
is ON, what you type is inserted, and existing text moves to the
|
|
right.
|
|
|
|
5.11. Line Spacing (^O-S).
|
|
|
|
The ^O-S command toggles between single and double line
|
|
spacing. In double space mode, the following functions generate
|
|
double carriage returns: CR (^M), Insert CR (^N), Reform (^B),
|
|
Wordwrap. You can easily mix single and double spacing; the ^B
|
|
command can convert between the two. Note: if you prefer to keep
|
|
your actual file single spaced, you can still get a double-spaced
|
|
printout by using the "D" option of the ^K-P command (see
|
|
Printing).
|
|
|
|
5.12. Margins (^O-R, -L, -X, -C, -F).
|
|
|
|
^O-R sets the RIGHT margin, enabling wordwrap, reformatting,
|
|
and centering. A right margin of 1 disables all formatting
|
|
functions (same as in "N"ondocument mode). At the prompt
|
|
"Column:" enter the column number (1-255), or just hit CR for the
|
|
current cursor column. If the value entered conflicts with the
|
|
current left margin, ZDE sets the left margin to 1.
|
|
^O-L sets the LEFT margin in an identical fashion; of course,
|
|
the value must always be less than the current right margin,
|
|
meaning it's best to set the right margin first.
|
|
^O-X temporarily RELEASES the margins (resets them to 1),
|
|
allowing you to type outside them. Use ^O-X again to restore the
|
|
margins.
|
|
^O-C CENTERS the current line with respect to the margins, if
|
|
set. ^O-F sets the current line FLUSH right, if the right margin
|
|
is set.
|
|
|
|
5.13. Pagination (^O-P).
|
|
|
|
The ^O-P command sets the page length. Enter a value from 0
|
|
to 255, or just hit CR to restore the default value [normally 54].
|
|
When the value is nonzero, it determines the page and line
|
|
shown in the document header ("Pg xx Ln xx"), and page-oriented
|
|
Print functions (formfeeds, headers, start/stop print) are enabled.
|
|
When the value is zero, pagination is off. The header will
|
|
say "Pg 0 Ln xxxx", showing you the absolute line number in the
|
|
file. Also, printing occurs with no page breaks or formfeeds.
|
|
This can be useful for printing small things right after each
|
|
other on the same sheet; or, in conjunction with the "*" print
|
|
option, can be used to print out multiple copies of index cards,
|
|
labels, etc.
|
|
ZDE never sends a formfeed before printing; begin your file
|
|
with a ^P-L character if you need one. Otherwise, use of ^P-L is
|
|
not recommended in document files as it renders ZDE's page count
|
|
inaccurate.
|
|
|
|
5.14. Place Markers and Line Queue (^P-Z, ^Q-Z, ^Q-Q).
|
|
|
|
You can set any number of temporary PLACE MARKERS in the text
|
|
with ^P-Z (they will appear as ^Z). The ^Q-Z command moves the
|
|
cursor to the next place marker in the file, cycling back to the
|
|
top of the file if needed. Place markers are NOT saved to disk.
|
|
ZCPR users may also store a QUEUE of up to eight line numbers
|
|
in their user-defined messages (a set of sixteen bytes of
|
|
protected memory "available for user definition"). The ^Q-Q
|
|
command will then cycle through the queue of line numbers,
|
|
returning to the first location when it reaches a value of zero.
|
|
A value greater than the number of lines in the file takes the
|
|
cursor to the end of the file. The numbers are stored as two-byte
|
|
inverted hexadecimal words. This facility is intended as an
|
|
interface between other programs and ZDE for such purposes as
|
|
storing the locations of compiler errors, however ZCPR users may
|
|
also find it useful to POKE these locations directly before
|
|
invoking ZDE.
|
|
|
|
5.15. Printer Codes (^P).
|
|
|
|
Control codes for special effects in printing can be entered
|
|
in the text with the ^P prefix. Thus pressing ^P-^H (or ^P-H)
|
|
embeds a ^H, etc. Several standard codes are:
|
|
|
|
^H - backspace - overstrike previous character
|
|
^I - hard (ASCII) tab - printers respond variously to this
|
|
^L - formfeed (Not recommended unless pagination (^O-P)
|
|
disabled)
|
|
|
|
The Block marker, normally ^@, cannot be embedded, and ^Z is
|
|
reserved for use as a place marker. Control codes display on
|
|
screen as capital letters, highlighted if possible. ZDE assumes
|
|
they are not characters, so they are not counted when reformatting
|
|
text.
|
|
For greater convenience, you can also arrange to have a
|
|
single ^P-code produce an entire string of bytes for commonly used
|
|
printing effects. ZDE supports a subset of WordStar's printer
|
|
installation, seven definable codes: four toggles, four switches.
|
|
The Printer Installation in ZDENSTAL allows you to choose what
|
|
codes you want to use, and install the actual control sequences
|
|
your printer needs. The defaults are:
|
|
|
|
toggles: ^B, ^D, ^S, ^Y
|
|
switches: ^Q, ^W, ^E, ^R
|
|
|
|
In WordStar these toggles are Boldface, Doublestrike,
|
|
Underline, and Ribbon/Italic respectively, but you can make them
|
|
anything you like. "Toggles" are good for features like underline
|
|
and bold that are turned on and off. "Switches" are better for
|
|
multivalued parameters like character pitch.
|
|
Example: your printer uses ESC-U-01 (and 00) to turn
|
|
underlining on (and off). If you install these codes with
|
|
ZDENSTAL:
|
|
^S toggle on: (03)1B5501
|
|
...and off: (03)1B5500
|
|
|
|
then all you have to type in ZDE to get underlined text is:
|
|
^PSunderlined text^PS.
|
|
|
|
5.16. Printing (^K-P).
|
|
|
|
The ^K-P command PRINTS all or part of the file in memory.
|
|
You will be asked for a set of "Options:", at which point you may
|
|
enter zero or more of the following, in any order:
|
|
|
|
B prints only the currently marked BLOCK.
|
|
P PAUSES for your keystroke before each page (sheet
|
|
feed).
|
|
D DOUBLE SPACES all text to be printed.
|
|
Lnn sets the printer LEFT MARGIN to nn columns [the
|
|
default value can be set with ZDENSTAL].
|
|
^ FILTERS control characters ^X to text "^X".
|
|
*nn prints the job out nn TIMES (nn=1..255).
|
|
@nn begins printing AT the nn'th page.
|
|
=nn renumbers the pages beginning with nn.
|
|
#nn prints only (up to) a TOTAL of nn pages.
|
|
"..." uses the quoted string as a HEADER. The string,
|
|
followed immediately by the page number, will print
|
|
at the top right of each page near the margin (maxi-
|
|
mum length is 50 characters; an empty string, "",
|
|
gives numbered pages with no header text.)
|
|
|
|
The last four options (@,=,#,"") are NOT allowed if pagination is
|
|
disabled (^O-P), or if "B"lock print was chosen. Examples:
|
|
|
|
Options: L12P
|
|
- Print the file with a left margin of 12 columns, pausing
|
|
before each page for you to press a key (other than Esc).
|
|
|
|
Options: @6#2=14"Instructions, page "
|
|
- Print the sixth and seventh pages of the file, but numbered
|
|
14 and 15, with the header shown.
|
|
|
|
Options: BD^*2
|
|
- Print out the current marked Block twice, double spaced,
|
|
with control filtering.
|
|
|
|
In "W" mode, lines beginning with a "." will be regarded as
|
|
WordStar dot commands, and will neither print out nor affect the
|
|
page count (they have no other effect either).
|
|
You can abort printing at any time with ESC (this may take a
|
|
moment, or a few keystrokes, depending on your BIOS).
|
|
|
|
5.17. Ruler Line (^O-T).
|
|
|
|
To help you align text properly, ^O-T toggles display of a
|
|
"ruler line" above the text on and off.
|
|
In each column you will see one of several symbols: "[]"
|
|
designate the current margins (if set); "-" indicates areas within
|
|
the current margins, "." outside them. Also, tab stops are marked
|
|
by either "T" (Variable) or "I" (Hard). Examples:
|
|
|
|
("A" mode) [-----T-----T-----------T--------------]........
|
|
("N" mode) I.......I.......I.......I.......I.......I.......
|
|
|
|
5.18. Tabs (^I, ESC-TAB, ^O-V, ^O-I, ^O-N).
|
|
|
|
There are two Tab modes: Variable and Hard, and the ^O-V
|
|
command toggles between them. In Hard Tab mode the Tab key
|
|
produces an actual ^I (ASCII 09); whether this overwrites any
|
|
existing text depends on the Insert toggle. Hard Tabs display by
|
|
default at fixed intervals of 8 screen columns [this is
|
|
configurable to any multiple of 2].
|
|
In Variable Tab mode, the Tab key moves the cursor to the
|
|
next variable tab stop (you can always get a Hard Tab by typing
|
|
^P-I). If Insert is on, spaces are inserted up to the next tab
|
|
stop. Otherwise, existing text is skipped over, but spaces are
|
|
still added at the end of a line as needed. Up to eight tab stops
|
|
may be set with ^O-I and cleared with ^O-N; the defaults are in
|
|
columns 6, 11, 16, and 21 [these are configurable]. At the
|
|
prompt, enter the column number desired, or hit RETURN for the
|
|
cursor column.
|
|
The ^O-I command also accepts two multiple-set inputs: "@nn"
|
|
sets tab stops every "nn" columns, while "#n1,n2,..." sets tabs at
|
|
columns "n1,n2, ...". Both remove any pre-existing tabs, and
|
|
typing "@" or "#" alone simply clears all tabs.
|
|
The ESC-TAB command moves backward (left) to the previous
|
|
variable or hard tab stop.
|
|
|
|
5.19. Undelete (^U, ^Q-U).
|
|
|
|
The undelete functions may be used (repeatedly if necessary)
|
|
to recover a reasonable amount of text deleted either by
|
|
overtyping, or with any of ZDE's delete commands, IF the cursor
|
|
has not yet been moved away. ^U undeletes one character; ^Q-U
|
|
does a whole line.
|
|
Restrictions: undelete may not recover all of a Block delete
|
|
unless the cursor was in or near the block deleted, and it may
|
|
work imperfectly if DEL has been used several times in sequence.
|
|
Further use after all deleted text is recovered will produce
|
|
junk (usually duplicates of text above the cursor, which is
|
|
sometimes useful).
|
|
|
|
5.20. Upper/Lower Case (^^).
|
|
|
|
The ^^ (ctl-caret) command changes the case of the character
|
|
at the cursor, if it was a letter, and moves the cursor one
|
|
character to the right. Useful for capitalizing a string of
|
|
lowercase text, or vice versa.
|
|
|
|
5.21. Window and Screen (^W, ^Z, ESC-Arrows, ^O-Up, -W, -Z).
|
|
|
|
ZDE supports several functions to move and alter the display
|
|
screen.
|
|
The ^W and ^Z commands scroll the screen up and down a line
|
|
at a time, without moving the cursor (unless necessary).
|
|
Preceded by ESC, any arrow (except ANSI) moves the screen
|
|
rather than the cursor: the text as a whole shifts up/down 1/4
|
|
screen, or right/left 32 columns, while the cursor stays put (the
|
|
cursor must be past column 32 for horizontal shifts to work).
|
|
Preceded by ^O-, any UP arrow key (except ANSI) makes the
|
|
current text line the top of the screen.
|
|
The ^O-W command creates a WINDOW in the bottom half of the
|
|
screen, which retains a copy of the file text starting at the
|
|
current line, plus the current status and/or ruler line(s), if
|
|
any. Editing continues normally in the top half of the screen.
|
|
This is useful for comparing different sections of text within a
|
|
file, or even between different files. Typing ^O-W again removes
|
|
the Window. Note: Windowing is only supported for screens of 15
|
|
or more lines.
|
|
The ^O-Z command temporarily zaps (blanks) the entire screen;
|
|
good for avoiding CRT burn-in, or just protecting work from prying
|
|
eyes or fingers. Restore the screen by pressing ESC or SPACE.
|
|
Note: if Windowing was in effect, any text in the window will be
|
|
lost.
|
|
|
|
5.22. Wordwrap, Reformat (^B, ^O-D).
|
|
|
|
WORDWRAP is automatic in Document ("W" or "A") modes whenever
|
|
the right margin is set. Any text entered will be formatted to
|
|
the current margin settings as you type. The end of a paragraph
|
|
is marked by a "HARD CR", which occurs when you press the RETURN
|
|
key (this is a CR immediately following a character of text). In
|
|
contrast, when wordwrap occurs you get a "SOFT CR" (which is
|
|
actually a CR with a space before it). You can change a hard CR
|
|
into a soft one, or vice versa, by deleting or adding a space at
|
|
the end of the line. Hitting RETURN also hardens a soft CR. The
|
|
distinction between hard and soft CRs is only important when
|
|
reformatting.
|
|
^B REFORMATS from the line the cursor is on, to the end of
|
|
the paragraph, according to the current margin settings and line
|
|
spacing. ^B may be used not only to reshape a paragraph after
|
|
editing, but also to change its margins and line spacing.
|
|
Indentation can be tricky if you have a left margin set. If the
|
|
current line is indented relative to the next one, ZDE assumes
|
|
that amount as your paragraph indentation.
|
|
^O-D toggles DISPLAY OF HARD CRs. Hard CRs, otherwise
|
|
invisible, can be caused to display as a "<" character. This can
|
|
be useful; some may find it distracting, so it turns off.
|
|
|
|
|
|
6. Macros.
|
|
|
|
6.1. Macro (ESC-M).
|
|
|
|
A MACRO is a string of ZDE commands and text that, once
|
|
defined, can be repeated automatically. When you type ESC-M you
|
|
will be asked for the string, then a "Repeat count". Usually you
|
|
will simply type a number for the repeat count (0-9, or "*" for
|
|
"indefinitely"). You will see the results as the macro executes,
|
|
and you can abort it at any time by pressing ESC. If you are sure
|
|
you know what you're doing, you can speed up Macro execution by
|
|
specifying "Quiet" mode: press "Q" before the repeat count. Only
|
|
the header, if present, will be updated as the Macro runs.
|
|
Macros also stop any time an error occurs; the error message
|
|
will be visible, and can be cleared by pressing ESC. Many
|
|
commands (like Find or Reformat) are designed to generate errors
|
|
at the end of the file so that indefinite ("*") Macros containing
|
|
them halt there. You may need to abort other indefinite Macros
|
|
manually.
|
|
ZDE turns INSERT OFF before running a macro, so that the same
|
|
key sequence will always have the same effect. INSERT status is
|
|
restored when the macro terminates.
|
|
In order to include any input line editing characters (BS,
|
|
CR, etc.) in a macro, you must prefix them with ^P. (NOTE: To
|
|
make them easier to read and understand, Macro listings are given
|
|
here as they function, not as they are typed in. ^P prefixes as
|
|
needed are NOT shown. Keystrokes are separated by dashes or
|
|
commas for clarity, and "_" means a space or blank.) Here are some
|
|
sample Macros:
|
|
|
|
1. View a file by scrolling slowly through it:
|
|
|
|
ESC-;, ^C
|
|
|
|
This will pause, then scroll down. (Use a repeat count
|
|
of "*".)
|
|
|
|
2. Can you figure out what this one does?
|
|
|
|
^QR, ^QF, (, CR, ^G, ^KB, ^QF, ), CR, ^G, ^KK, ^QC, CR, ^KV
|
|
|
|
(Answer: .elif eht fo dne eht ta meht fo tsil a gnikam
|
|
elif a fo tuo sesehtnerap ni stnemmoc ekat lliw tI)
|
|
|
|
ZDE Macros are very powerful tools, particularly given their
|
|
programmability and storage on function keys.
|
|
|
|
6.2. Macro Key (ESC-#, ESC-0..9).
|
|
|
|
Up to 10 MACRO KEYS can be stored (0..9), by entering them
|
|
with the ESC-M command, then using ESC-# to save them. They can
|
|
then be recalled and used simply by typing ESC-number. Example:
|
|
typing ESC-#-0 will store the last Macro used in the ESC-0 command
|
|
so that it can be recalled and reused at any future time simply by
|
|
typing ESC-0.
|
|
Ordinarily, Macro Keys operate just like the original Macro,
|
|
asking for a "Repeat count" when executed. If you want to
|
|
suppress this prompt (resulting in a "function key" that executes
|
|
just once) you can type "N" (for No repeat) before storing the key
|
|
number. Example: ESC-#-N-0 makes ESC-0 a no-repeat macro key.
|
|
If you also don't need to see the Macro work, and want to make it
|
|
faster, you can make it QUIET as well by typing "Q" instead (for
|
|
Quiet) before the key number. Example: ESC-#-Q-0 stores ESC-0 as
|
|
a quiet no-repeat key sequence.
|
|
If the Macro (ESC-M) string is empty, using ESC-# will delete
|
|
a Macro Key. Using a defined Key makes it the last macro used, so
|
|
it can be stored again in another key if desired. Trying to use
|
|
an undefined Macro Key results in an error.
|
|
There are 500 bytes total available for all 10 keys, and a
|
|
128 byte limit for any one Key (ZDE's own input line will only
|
|
accept 65 bytes, but ZDENSTAL can handle up to the full 128.)
|
|
USAGE HINT: If you want to re-use a macro without having to
|
|
type it in again, use ESC-# to assign it to a key, then call it up
|
|
by number.
|
|
Besides simply storing Macros, here are some useful Macro
|
|
Keys:
|
|
|
|
1. Storing different sets of margins (e.g., for quotes).
|
|
For example,
|
|
^OL, 12, CR, ^OR, 66, CR
|
|
|
|
2. Typing any frequently repeated phrase; "ESC-6" is much
|
|
more convenient than "^PSWorld Wide Widgets Ltd. (N.A.)^PS".
|
|
|
|
3. Swap the two characters preceding the cursor:
|
|
^S, ^S, ^G, ^D, ^U, ^U, ^D, ^G
|
|
|
|
[ZDENSTAL allows you to install defaults for all ten Macro Keys.
|
|
Thus a copy of ZDE can be customized for any task, such as the
|
|
formatting requirements of specialized writing or programming
|
|
languages.]
|
|
|
|
6.3. Macro Programming (ESC-0..9, ESC-!,=,~,+,;).
|
|
|
|
ZDE has several commands which function only in a Macro
|
|
string, and give you control over the execution of a macro,
|
|
allowing true programming.
|
|
ESC-0..9 function as LABELS 0..9 when entered as part of a
|
|
Macro. They have no effect, but can be "jumped" to by other
|
|
commands.
|
|
ESC-! followed by 0..9 is a JUMP instruction, and causes
|
|
macro execution to resume with the command following the label
|
|
ESC-0..9. Example: ESC!2 jumps to label 2. As two special cases,
|
|
ESC-![ jumps to the beginning of the Macro, and ESC-!] jumps to
|
|
the end (aborts).
|
|
ESC-= and ESC-~, followed by a character and then a label
|
|
0..9 (or "[","]"), are CONDITIONAL JUMPS: they jump to the label
|
|
or the start or end of the macro IF the character at the cursor
|
|
position matches (ESC-=) or doesn't match (ESC-~) the character
|
|
specified. Example: ESC~^M2 jumps to ESC-2 if the current
|
|
character is NOT a CR.
|
|
ESC-= and ESC-~, followed by a character and then ">" or "<",
|
|
are SEARCH LOOPS. They will continue to move the cursor right
|
|
(">") or left ("<") AS LONG AS the character at the cursor matches
|
|
(ESC-=) or doesn't match (ESC-~) the specified character. Both
|
|
search loops terminate automatically at the beginning or end of
|
|
the file. Example: ESC=_> moves right as long as the current
|
|
character is a space.
|
|
ESC-+, followed by 0..9, CHAINS to another macro key,
|
|
allowing you to build macros strings longer than the storage limit
|
|
of any one key. It does not "call" the key; there is no
|
|
returning. Example: ESC+9 chains to Key 9.
|
|
ESC-; (semicolon) gives a brief pause, presumably so the user
|
|
can see what's happening on screen.
|
|
Macro programs are stored just like any other macro string
|
|
(usually with "N"o repeat count). If you program in an endless
|
|
loop, you will at some point have to abort with ESC. Don't make
|
|
macro programs "Q"uiet until you're sure they work.
|
|
Example: here is a good macro program (best stored as a Quiet
|
|
Key) to move the cursor to the start of the current sentence:
|
|
|
|
ESC~.1, ^S, ESC1, ESC~.<, ESC2, ^D, ESC=_2, ESC=^M2
|
|
|
|
You could write this out in programmer's pseudo-code as:
|
|
|
|
If not "." goto label1
|
|
Move left ;move left if already on period
|
|
label1: While not "." move Left ;move left to previous period
|
|
label2: Move right ;now move back right
|
|
If " " goto label2 ; as long as you see a space
|
|
If "^M" goto label2 ; or a Return
|
|
(all done)
|
|
|
|
|
|
7. General Information.
|
|
|
|
7.1. Disk Space.
|
|
|
|
ZDE isn't disk-bound; if you run out of disk space, just
|
|
insert another disk (always keep a blank FORMATTED disk around).
|
|
Alternatively, you can use the ESC-F and ESC-E commands to purge
|
|
unneeded files. [If you have small disks, you can also install
|
|
ZDE not to preserve BAK files.]
|
|
Let ZDE's filesize limits encourage you to break work up into
|
|
files of 50K or less; larger files make inefficient use of floppy
|
|
disks.
|
|
|
|
7.2. Error Messages.
|
|
|
|
Press ESC or Space to continue. "Error" alone means the
|
|
command used just won't work in this situation. (Example: a block
|
|
command was used with no block marked.) More specific errors are:
|
|
|
|
"Out of Memory" - the file, block, or key string won't fit in
|
|
RAM.
|
|
"Invalid Key" - an illegal command key sequence was pressed.
|
|
"I/O Error" - file not found, disk full, empty/invalid
|
|
drive, etc.
|
|
"Cannot Reformat" - word too long, or margins invalid.
|
|
"Not Found" - the object of a search was not found.
|
|
"Syntax Error" - a macro programming command was misused.
|
|
|
|
7.3. File Modes.
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|
|
|
ZDE has three FILE MODES: "W"ordStar document, "A"SCII
|
|
document, and "N"on-document. The basic difference concerns the
|
|
format of disk files.
|
|
In "W" mode, ZDE reads and writes WordStar-compatible files.
|
|
ZDE can edit a WordStar document, except that any right
|
|
justification will be lost. WordStar can edit any ZDE "W" file in
|
|
Document mode.
|
|
In "A" or "N" mode, ZDE reads and writes text as standard
|
|
ASCII 7-bit characters, a universal format accepted by virtually
|
|
all software. The only difference between "A" and "N" modes lies
|
|
in the default settings on loading a new file. Typically "A" mode
|
|
is used for word processing, and "N" mode for programming and
|
|
other technical applications.
|
|
|
|
DEFAULTS FOR: Margins Tabs Hard CR disp.
|
|
------------ ------- ---- ------------
|
|
"A"SCII or "W"ordStar mode ACTIVE VARIABLE [ON]
|
|
"N"on-document DISABLED HARD OFF
|
|
|
|
The file mode option can be specified along with the filename
|
|
at any ZDE file function prompt, allowing you to mix WordStar and
|
|
ASCII disk files as needed (see Invoking ZDE, above). You can
|
|
also change the current mode with the ^K-N function by entering a
|
|
new mode (e.g., "[W") with or without a filename.
|
|
[ZDENSTAL allows you to select a default file mode, to be
|
|
used when no mode is specified (originally this is "A"). Further,
|
|
you can specify two filetype masks for automatic mode selection
|
|
(e.g., all "ASM" files as "N" mode) to override that default.]
|
|
NOTE ON ASCII FILES - The "A"SCII-document file format used
|
|
since VDE 2.50, to allow accurate formatting and WordStar
|
|
compatibility, distinguishes between HARD and SOFT CRs (see
|
|
Wordwrap, above). Consequently, if you edit an ASCII file created
|
|
by other software (including earlier versions of VDE), it may
|
|
appear to be full of hard CRs, making text impossible to reformat.
|
|
There are two easy ways to solve this problem: first, you can use
|
|
^Q-A to find "^M"s and selectively replace them with " ^M".
|
|
Alternatively, the following Macro (best stored as a Quiet macro
|
|
Key) does a good job of "softening up" paragraphs for reformatting:
|
|
|
|
^QS,^X,ESC=_],ESC=CR],^S,^V_^V,^D,ESC![
|
|
|
|
7.4. Hyphenation (^O-H).
|
|
|
|
ZDE can't introduce hyphens, but it does recognize them in
|
|
the text, treating them as a legitimate place to break a line, so
|
|
if you have a long word close to the margin, you can insert a
|
|
hyphen where you'd like the word to be broken.
|
|
Similarly, ZDE can't unhyphenate. If it is trying to
|
|
reformat and finds a hyphen at the end of a line, it will pause to
|
|
ask you what to do with it. You will see the prompt "Chg?" in the
|
|
header, and can:
|
|
Press "Y" to remove the hyphen and space, joining the word;
|
|
"N" to leave the hyphen, but still join the word;
|
|
"ESC" to leave both the hyphen and the space alone.
|
|
Typically you would choose "Y" for "soft" hyphens that you
|
|
introduced to break up a word ("intro-duction"); "N" for hard
|
|
hyphens that are part of a word ("vis-a-vis"); and "ESC" for
|
|
punctuation (dashes "--", etc.). After your choice, reformatting
|
|
will proceed automatically.
|
|
You can toggle hyphenation on and off with ^O-H. If off,
|
|
hyphens are not treated differently from any other text character.
|
|
[The ^O-H default can be changed with ZDENSTAL.]
|
|
|
|
7.5. Interruption.
|
|
|
|
If ZDE is interrupted by messages from other software (BIOS
|
|
error, resident utilities, etc.), it may lose control of the
|
|
screen. The best way to return it to normal is by blanking and
|
|
restoring the screen (^O-Z, ESC).
|
|
|
|
7.6. Prompts.
|
|
|
|
First, ZDE has several simple prompts requiring you to
|
|
confirm an action by typing "Y" or "N":
|
|
|
|
"Abandon changes?" - warns the file you want to Quit has
|
|
been changed.
|
|
"Unchanged; save anyway?" - reminds the file you want saved isn't
|
|
changed.
|
|
"Delete original?" - do you want to delete block copied
|
|
from 2nd file?
|
|
"Chg?" - do you want to change this instance of
|
|
a string?
|
|
|
|
Then, there are a few special purpose prompts:
|
|
|
|
"Repeat count:" - enter (optional "Q" and) repeat count
|
|
for Macro.
|
|
"Key number:" - enter (optional "N/Q" and) key number
|
|
for Key.
|
|
"Rdy" - press any key to print next page (ESC
|
|
quits).
|
|
|
|
Finally, there are a variety of prompts for either numeric or
|
|
string input, like "Column:" or "Find string:". You are expected
|
|
to type in a string (up to 65 characters). The following control
|
|
keys operate:
|
|
|
|
Correct mistake: BS (^H), ^S, or Del
|
|
Erase entire entry: ^X
|
|
Abort operation: ^U
|
|
|
|
Note that to get any of these codes, or a CR, into the string
|
|
itself, you must precede it with ^P (this includes ^P). Examples:
|
|
to find a line beginning with a "*" (find "^M,*") type
|
|
|
|
^Q-F, ^P-CR, *, CR.
|
|
|
|
Now to get this into a Macro with ESC-M, you would have to type
|
|
|
|
ESC-M, ^Q-F, ^P-P, ^P-CR, *, ^P-CR, CR.
|
|
|
|
7.7. WordStar Compatibility.
|
|
|
|
In most respects ZDE operates much like WordStar; one big
|
|
difference is the absence of a "No-File" menu. You are always in
|
|
edit mode; use ^K-L to select a new file to edit.
|
|
If the keys ^J, ^K, ^L are in use as CP/M arrow keys, you
|
|
must use ZDE's original command set to substitute for them as
|
|
follows:
|
|
|
|
Block prefix (^K-)... ESC-
|
|
Help menu (^J)....... ESC-H
|
|
Repeat find (^L)..... ^\
|
|
|
|
If these keys are NOT installed as arrow keys, they retain
|
|
their WordStar functions. Then, of course, ZDE lacks some
|
|
WordStar commands, and has some of its own. Aside from these,
|
|
there are the following differences in common commands:
|
|
|
|
COMMON USE WORDSTAR 4 ZDE ZDE NOTES
|
|
Hide block ^K-H ^K-U Actually unmarks block.
|
|
Erase disk file ^K-J ^K-E
|
|
Set Place Mark ^K-0..9 ^P-Z Not individually numbered.
|
|
Go to Place Mark ^Q-0..9 ^Q-P Cyclic.
|
|
|
|
COMMON COMMAND WORDSTAR 4 USE ZDE USE
|
|
^^ Soften hard CR Transpose upper/lowercase
|
|
^K-N Column block mode Rename current work
|
|
^O-D Display ^P codes Display hard CRs
|
|
^O-F Ruler from text Flush right
|
|
^O-P Preview mode Page length
|
|
^Q-U Repeat align Repeat undelete
|
|
|
|
Note that ZDE does not implement WordStar "dot commands" in text,
|
|
though in "W" mode it avoids printing them.
|
|
|
|
|
|
8. Disclaimer.
|
|
|
|
You use ZDE at your own risk. The author accepts no
|
|
liability for any damages resulting from its use or misuse.
|
|
Direct problem reports and suggestions to the author; include a
|
|
stamped return envelope for a reply if desired. Thanks to the
|
|
many users of ZDE whose feedback has led to improvements and bug
|
|
fixes in the past.
|
|
|
|
Carson Wilson Sysop: Antelope Freeway RAS
|
|
1359 W. Greenleaf 312-764-5162, Chicago
|
|
Chicago, IL 60626 24 hours, 3-12-2400 baud
|
|
|